C Basics

You all should already have (successfully) attempted exercise 0, and have gcc working on your local machines. Today, we’re going to go over more C fundamentals, and then look at a few exercises. Here’s a list of few things you should already know:

Variables

To declare a variable, you need to explicitly give it a type (which can never be changed). Declaration means you are simply telling the compiler that this variable exists. A variable declaration looks like this:
```
// type   name
  double myDouble;
```
Giving the variable a value is called initialization. Unlike Python, declaration and initialization are seprate in C. However, you can usually put them in one line. This looks as follows:

double myDouble;     // Declaration
myDouble = 3.14;     // Initialization

int myInt = 1729;    // But can also do this...

There are a few basic data types in C:
1. int - Integer
2. long - (Long) Integers, much bigger range of values
3. char - Characters; effectively an integer from -128 to 127
4. float - A floating point number (fractional)
5. double - A more precise floating point number (uses double the space)
You will also eventually see variables defined as unsigned int, unsigned char, etc. When unsigned is used with one of the types that stores integers (int, long and char), it simply means that the variable only stores postitive values. (it has no sign). This is helpful to (1) avoid errors with negative numbers and (2) It lets us store more positive numbers in the same amount of space.

Functions

Remember that a function declaration has the following parts (in order):

Return type of the function
Name of the function
Types of the input parameters (optionally names)

However, when *defining a function you must also give the parameters names.*

int mySum(int, int);            // A valid declaration

int mySum(int a, int b) {
    return a + b;               // A function definition
}

int myProduct(int a, int b) {
    return a * b;               // Can do them together
}

Note that it may not always be a good idea to define and declare your function together. You will see issues arise with this as we move forward in the course.

Conditionals

Nothing fancy here, you know what to expect. Make sure you have () around your conditions.

if (condition) {

} else if (condition) {

} else {

}

Loops

For loops have 3 parts: initialization, condition and increment. Here is an example:

// This is similar to `for i in range(n)`
for (int i = 0;    i < n;    i++) {  ... body ... }
//     init.      cond.     inc.

i++ is a shorthand for saying ‘increment the value of i by 1, and return the old value’. Since here we do not actually care about the return value of the increment (i++), it serves the purpose of simply i = i + 1.

Similarly, you can also do ++i, which is shorthand for ‘increment the value of i, and return the new value’.

While loops have just the condition. The initialization and increment need to be done by you:
```
int i = 0;
//     cond.
while (i < n) {  
  ... body ... 
  i++;
}
```

Libraries

You won’t always have all the functions available to you directly. Sometimes it is a good idea to use functions implemented by others which are part of a library instead of implementing them yourself. stdio.h is a library we use which is responsible for handling input / output for example. Here we will also use the math.h library. Import a library using:

#include<library.h>

Note that #include is what is called a ‘compiler directive’. It basically takes all the content of the file library.h (which gcc knows where to find), and replaces the line with it.

Exercise

Write a program that prints out a graph of the function sin(x) for values of x from 0 to 2π in increments of 0.25. Here’s some example output (courtesy Angela):

ex1

and here’s some code you can fill in if you’re having trouble doing it all yourself (it’s okay! You’re just getting started).

#include <stdio.h>  
#include <math.h>   // Import math for sin()!

int main() {
  float pi = M_PI;   // This is defined for us in math.h
 
  // Main loop over the x values
  for (float x = ____; x < ______; x += _____) {
    // You will need another loop inside here...

    
  }
  return 0;
}

Spicing it up a little

Now, modify your existing solution of the previous part and have a vertical line that represents the x-axis, in other words, have a line that corresponds to y=0.

ex2

Key Takeaway(s)

Every variable in C has an associated data type that cannot be changed. You should be familiar with the different data types C presents.
Understand how to declare a function. Remember that, unlike Python, you need to begin the declaration with a return type.
Conditionals are very similar to Python. Familiarize yourself with the standard comparison operators (i.e. ==, !=, <, >) and logical operators (i.e. || (which is a logical OR) , && (which is a logical AND)).
Be familiar with defining a for loop and while loop. Understanding the difference between the two is also important.
Similar to Python, C also has libraries in which you can use. You can use a library by typing #include<library.h>.

Additional Exercises

These are not necessary, but give you an avenue to develop what you did in this tutorial into something a lot more impressive!

Add variables that let you change how long the sin wave is, how wide it is, and how much it is offset from the left side of the screen. Also give the user the option to draw the wave horizontally.
Based on whether the value is increasing / decreasing, print out \, |, -, / instead of just the asterisks (*). Make it look more curve-like. Details are left up to you.
Generalize the code so that it can plot out any (reasonable) function like sin. You might have to ask the user to enter bounds on the x and y axes between which you plot them.

Week 2 Tutorial